Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) 101: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) 101: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment - MalaysiaAcute Conditions

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) 101: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

Irritable bowel syndrome or IBS is a gastrointestinal condition that affects your digestive system. Learn more about its prevalence in Malaysia, its signs, causes and how you can live well with IBS.

What is Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)?

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is also known by various other names, such as spastic colon, mucous colitis and spastic colitis. It is a group of symptoms that affects your digestive system, specifically the colon, with varying effects and durations that differ from person to person. People with IBS will generally complain of having an “upset” stomach.

Common symptoms of IBS include abdominal pain, cramping, gassiness, constipation and diarrhoea. Though it is not a chronic condition, IBS can be an uncomfortable and embarrassing experience. Symptoms may be manageable for some people and do not interfere with their daily routine. In other cases, IBS can adversely affect their health and what they can do.

Worldwide, the prevalence of IBS is between 3 to 22 per cent of the population. In Malaysia, IBS affects 15 per cent of the national population. IBS is more likely to affect those under significant emotional stress and below 45 years of age and is also of higher risk to women than men.

Types of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

The symptoms that a person with IBS experiences might inform medical professionals about the type of IBS the person has, and what treatment plan to use. There are four types of IBS:

  • IBS with constipation, orIBS-C, is characterised by a difficulty to pass stools;
  • IBS with diarrhoea, orIBS-D, characterised by more frequent passing of stools
  • IBS with mixed symptoms, orIBS-M, characterised by a person experiencing both constipation and diarrhoea; IBS-M is also known as IBS-A, where the ‘A’ stands for alternate/alternating, in reference to the symptoms
  • Unsubtyped IBS, or IBS-U, where the person’s symptoms do not match any of the above types

There is also a subtype called post-infectious IBS, orPI-IBS, where a person suddenly develops IBS symptoms. This may be due to a bacterial infection that affects the stomach or digestive tract. Most cases of PI-IBS affect those with IBS-D or IBS-M, while it is less common among IBS-C cases.

Signs & Symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

The main symptoms of IBS are abdominal pain or discomfort. Changes to your bowel habits will also occur, including, but not limited to:

  • Bloating/gassiness
  • Diarrhoea
  • Constipation
  • Alternating between diarrhoea and constipation
  • Changes to stool consistency
  • Mucus on stools
  • Tenesmus (feeling of incomplete emptying of bowel motion)
  • Loss of appetite
  • Sudden changes in weight

There may also be other health concerns that might arise.

  • Migraines
  • Difficulty sleeping
  • Needing to use the toilet at irregular times
  • Anxiety or depression
  • Changes to symptoms in women during menstruation or pregnancy

Causes of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

The exact causes of IBS are still relatively unknown. Some studies have indicated that there are a variety of physical and psychological factors that could cause or exacerbate IBS in people.

You may have heard IBS be described as a functional bowel, or gastrointestinal (GI), disorder. A functional bowel disorder happens when a problem affects how your bowels work, impairing your body’s functions. Functional bowel disorders are also known as gut-brain interaction disorders, highlighting how your gut and brain work together.

Your gut shares similar types of nerve endings and chemical transmitters that the brain has, which is why it is known as your “second (or little) brain”. While it controls your digestive functions independently of the brain, both remain connected to one another via a network of nerve cells, which coincidentally help to control your anxiety and fear. Our emotional state is thus closely linked to how our digestive system functions; the functioning of our digestive tract affects our emotions, and likewise, our emotions affect the functioning of the digestive tract. This is why we tend to feel “butterflies in our stomach” when we feel anxious or nervous.

There are also instances where persons with IBS may have their symptoms worsened by certain “trigger foods.” What these are also different among persons with IBS: some find that they cannot take spicy food, while others who have a low fibre diet may be more prone to constipation. Other causes may include off-balance hormone or neurotransmitter levels that can exacerbate symptoms.

Diagnosing Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

There are currently no laboratory tests or imaging tests that specifically diagnose IBS. A diagnosis will be made based on the presence of specific symptoms and your clinical history, in line with definitions agreed upon by international research groups. TheRome IV criteria, for example, defines IBS as “recurrent abdominal pain occurring on an average, at least 1 day per week in the last 3 months.” You may be asked several questions relating to your bowel habits, such as the frequency of bowel movements if there is any pain during bowel movements, and how often you experience symptoms.

Depending on the symptoms, your doctor may require additional tests to help identify if you do have IBS, and to rule out the possibility of underlying chronic conditions. You may even need a CT or X-ray scan done to look for specific physical factors that help rule out other causes of your symptoms.

A colonoscopy may be recommended. A colonoscopy involves the use of a long, slender and flexible tube with a light and camera attached to it. This is called a colonoscope. The procedure will require the doctor to insert the colonoscope into your colon via the rectum. This enables the doctor to examine your colon for any abnormalities or changes, and acquire tissue samples for analysis.

An upper endoscopy may be conducted instead of a colonoscopy. Much like a colonoscopy, the endoscopy involves the use of a long, flexible tube, which is inserted down your throat and into your oesophagus that connects your mouth to the stomach. The doctor will then inspect your small intestines and take tissue samples to be analysed.

Laboratory tests may include:

  • Blood tests to identify the possibility of anaemia or other blood-related disorders
  • Stool sample tests to check for harmful bacteria or parasites
  • Lactose intolerance tests to determine if you have the enzyme lactase, which is responsible for digesting sugars in dairy products; a lack of the enzyme means you have lactose intolerance
  • Breath tests to look for possible bacterial overgrowth in your small intestines

Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

Once a diagnosis has been made, a suitable treatment plan will be formulated by the medical team. Treatment is not to cure you of IBS, but to manage your IBS symptoms from flaring up and interfering with your daily activities. Treatment will identify and then address specific triggers via a combination of psychotherapy sessions, medications and/or dietary changes.

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)

CBT is a form of psychotherapy used to treat mental health issues, such as depression. With the help of a licensed therapist or psychologist, you will learn to examine your thoughts and emotions, and how negative thoughts change how you feel, which in turn changes how you behave and perceive things. CBT sessions will see you and your therapist work together to help you unlearn negative thoughts and behaviours, and develop more positive ones in their place, all of which will help you to respond better to stress, anxiety and difficult scenarios.

When faced with a negative situation, the negative emotions you feel will put the body into a “fight or flight” response. This elevates your stress hormones, blood pressure, and heart rate, among other things. This inevitably causes changes to your gut in response to the negative situation, which manifests as abdominal pain, diarrhoea and/or constipation. By adopting a healthy coping mechanism, you can be more in control of your emotional state and have an appropriate response that reduces the stress you experience, thus helping to manage IBS symptoms.

Research has found that CBT is effective in alleviating bowel symptoms, reducing psychological distress, and thus improving quality of life. In fact, recent studies have also found thatweb or telephone-basedapproaches are also just as effective as conventional face-to-face therapy sessions. With COVID-19 ever-present in our lives, the use of accredited online tools can provide new means of therapy from the comforts of your own home. Some examples includeNervaandZemedy.

Hypnotherapy

Hypnotherapyinvolves a licensed or certified healthcare professional who is specially trained in hypnosis. Hypnotherapy uses guided relaxation, intense concentration and focused attention to put you into a heightened state of awareness, or a trance. While in this state, you will not be aware of your surroundings and be more open to responding to positive suggestions.

Hypnotherapy for IBS tends to focus on gut-directed techniques to help normalise and control gut functions. Metaphors may be used as visual guides to help you visualise your symptoms, and then be given suggestions that help you perceive them in a better light. For example, your intestines may be perceived as a river, and the hypnotherapist may suggest it as a calm river, the waters moving slowly and smoothly.

The benefits of hypnotherapy are substantial, with a high success rate that lasts for a long time, and significant improvements to a person’s quality of life and a reduction of anxious or depressive conditions. However, hypnotherapy may not necessarily benefit everyone, as some people may not be responsive to its therapy methods. Locally,Medical Hypnosis Malaysiais an accredited medical group that offers medical hypnotherapy to help treat IBS.

Medications

There are no specific medications designed to treat IBS, but doctors may recommend medications that can help remedy IBS symptoms. You may be prescribed any of the following:

  • Bulking agents, which help to slow the movement of food through the digestive system and may also help relieve symptoms
  • Antibiotics that change the composition of gut bacteria that might be responsible for the fermentation of poorly digested carbohydrates
  • Antispasmodics to help ease bowel cramping problems and reduce abdominal pain but may present other side effects
  • Specific constipation medications or laxatives to treat constipation issues
  • Smooth muscle relaxants to help relieve intestinal cramps
  • Antidiarrheal medicines to reduce diarrhoea and improve stool consistency
  • Probiotics, which contain beneficial live bacteria and yeasts that can improve your digestive system
  • Low-level antidepressants may be used to reduce the intensity of pain signals going from the digestive system to the brain

Your doctor will advise you on the medications they will prescribe. You can also ask them questions relating to your prescription, such as the possible side effects you might encounter. Be sure you closely follow the prescriptions’ recommended dosage and timings to avoid unpleasant experiences.

Dietary Changes

With the aid of a dietitian, you will be able to adjust your food intake while still meeting your nutritional needs.

One dietary plan used to treat IBS is thelow FODMAP diet. FODMAP is an abbreviation forFermentableOligo-saccharides,Di-saccharides,Mono-saccharidesAndPolyols, which are a group of carbohydrates that are not digested or absorbed well by the body. These undigested carbohydrates are then rapidly fermented by intestinal bacteria into excess gas, which may be a significant contributor of IBS symptoms.

Adopting this diet will require observation to ensure that theright balance of foodscan be introduced while controlling IBS symptoms. Your dietitian will adjust your diet by substitutinghigh FODMAP foodswith healthier alternatives, or by adjusting your overall FODMAP intake in a day that will benefit you nutritionally and reduce IBS symptom severity. Gradually, they may slowly reintroduce certain foods in small quantities. This can help widen your diet while making sure that you can still tolerate FODMAP consumption at lower levels.

The low FODMAP diet has been effective in helping manage IBS, and even has shown positive results in persons withinflammatory bowel disease. Your dietitian will make recommendations tailored to your nutritional needs while also accounting for your personal likes. They may advise smaller meals at regular intervals, and to add sufficient fibre into your diet to help stimulate your digestive system while preventing your symptoms from intensifying.

Living with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

It is important to remember that IBS is not a life-threatening condition, nor does it predict any onset of other chronic diseases. Symptoms of IBS come and go on an irregular basis, and while they do also change over time, they can still be managed with a proper care regimen.

Lifestyle changes are also an important consideration in helping you cope with IBS. Cutting down on your alcohol and caffeine consumption, and giving up smoking, are two such ways that are beneficial not just for managing IBS, but also to improve your overall health. Regular exercise is also a good idea, enabling you to unwind through physical activity, while it also stimulates normal contractions of your intestines.

It is also important to manage your stress. Wherever possible, you should find ways to reduce or eliminate stressors that can affect your IBS symptoms. If you cannot avoid stressful situations, mindfulness practices and meditation can be beneficial to reducing stress and thus cope with IBS symptoms. Be sure to keep track of any changes you might experience to your IBS symptoms, and to notify doctors of these changes as soon as possible.

provides services to help you or your loved one with managing IBS symptoms, especially if it is debilitating and prevents you or your loved one from doing activities of daily living (ADLs).Personalised home careprovided by a trained care provider can be very favourable to helping with daily tasks or slowly getting back on the right track.

Fill up the form below for a free consultation with our Care Advisory team.

References

American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. (n.d.).Understanding Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Constipation (IBS-C). Retrieved 10th December, 2021 fromhttps://www.asge.org/home/for-patients/patient-information/understanding-irritable-bowel-syndrome-with-constipation-ibs-c

American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. (n.d.).Understanding Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Diarrhea (also known as IBS-D). Retrieved 10th December, 2021 fromhttps://www.asge.org/home/for-patients/patient-information/understanding-irritable-bowel-syndrome-with-diarrhea-also-known-as-ibs-d

Baylor College of Medicine. (2019).The gut-brain connection: How psychotherapy treats irritable bowel syndrome. Retrieved 11th December, 2021 fromhttps://blogs.bcm.edu/2019/01/10/the-gut-brain-connection-how-psychotherapy-treats-irritable-bowel-syndrome/

Begum, J. (2021).Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). Retrieved 10th December, 2021 fromhttps://www.webmd.com/ibs/guide/digestive-diseases-irritable-bowel-syndrome

Berger, M. W. (2021).A more effective at-home treatment for IBS. Retrieved 14th December, 2021 fromhttps://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/Penn-research-more-effective-home-treatment-IBS-CBT

BetterHealth Channel. (n.d.).Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). Retrieved 10th December, 2021 fromhttps://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs

Cherney, K. (2021).What Are the Different Types of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)?Retrieved 10th December, 2021 fromhttps://www.healthline.com/health/types-of-ibs

Cleveland Clinic. (2020).Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Retrieved 13th December, 2021 fromhttps://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/21208-cognitive-behavioral-therapy-cbt

Cleveland Clinic. (2019).Hypnotherapy. Retrieved 13th December, 2021 fromhttps://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/9930-hypnotherapy

Cleveland Clinic. (2020).Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). Retrieved 10th December, 2021 fromhttps://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4342-irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs

Cleveland Clinic. (2019).The Best and Worst Foods for IBS. Retrieved 14th December, 2021 fromhttps://health.clevelandclinic.org/take-control-of-ibs-with-low-fodmap-diet/

Cunha, J. P. (n.d.).8 Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) Causes, Symptoms, Diet, and Treatment. Retrieved 10th December, 2021 fromhttps://www.medicinenet.com/irritable_bowel_syndrome_ibs/article.htm

Del Rosario, J. F. (2020).Irritable Bowel Syndrome (For Teens).Retrieved 10th December, 2021 fromhttps://kidshealth.org/en/teens/ibs.html

Ehrenfeld, T. (2018).Yes, Hypnosis Really Can Treat Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Retrieved 14th December, 2021 fromhttps://www.healthline.com/health-news/i-tried-hypnosis-to-help-manage-my-ibs-heres-what-happened

Ford, A. C., Sperber, A. D., Corsetti, M., & Camilleri, M. (2020). Irritable bowel syndrome.The Lancet,396(10263), 1675–1688.https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31548-8

Grad , S., & Dumitrascu, D. L. (2019). Irritable bowel syndrome subtypes: New names for old medical conditions.Digestive Diseases,38, 122–127.https://doi.org/10.1159/000505287

HealthDirect. (2020).Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). Retrieved 10th December, 2021 fromhttps://www.healthdirect.gov.au/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs

Herndon, J. (2019).Everything You Want to Know About IBS. Retrieved 10th December, 2021 fromhttps://www.healthline.com/health/irritable-bowel-syndrome#_noHeaderPrefixedContent

Hetterich, L., & Stengel, A. (2020). Psychotherapeutic Interventions in Irritable Bowel Syndrome.Frontiers in Psychiatry,11, 286.https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00286

International Foundation for Gastrointestinal Disorders. (n.d.).Are You a Gut Responder? Hints on Coping with an Irritable Bowel. Retrieved 10th December, 2021 fromhttps://iffgd.org/manage-your-health/tips-and-daily-living/hints-on-coping-with-an-irritable-bowel/

International Foundation for Gastrointestinal Disorders. (n.d.).Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for IBS. Retrieved 13th December, 2021 fromhttps://aboutibs.org/treatment/psychological-treatments/cognitive-behavioral-therapy/

International Foundation for Gastrointestinal Disorders. (n.d.).FAQ About IBS. Retrieved 10th December, 2021 fromhttps://aboutibs.org/what-is-ibs/faq-about-ibs/

International Foundation for Gastrointestinal Disorders. (n.d.).IBS Diet: Cramping and Diarrhea. Retrieved 10th December, 2021 fromhttps://aboutibs.org/treatment/ibs-diet/cramping-and-diarrhea/

International Foundation for Gastrointestinal Disorders. (n.d.).IBS Diet: What to Do and What to Avoid. Retrieved 10th December, 2021 fromhttps://aboutibs.org/treatment/ibs-diet/ibs-diet-what-to-do-and-what-to-avoid/

International Foundation for Gastrointestinal Disorders. (n.d.).Introduction to IBS. Retrieved 10th December, 2021 fromhttps://aboutibs.org/what-is-ibs/intro-to-ibs/

International Foundation for Gastrointestinal Disorders. (n.d.).Medications for IBS. Retrieved 10th December, 2021 fromhttps://aboutibs.org/treatment/medications/

International Foundation for Gastrointestinal Disorders. (n.d.).Post Infectious IBS. Retrieved 10th December, 2021 fromhttps://aboutibs.org/what-is-ibs/post-infectious-ibs/

International Foundation for Gastrointestinal Disorders. (n.d.).Psychological Treatments. Retrieved 10th December, 2021 fromhttps://aboutibs.org/treatment/psychological-treatments/

International Foundation for Gastrointestinal Disorders. (n.d.).Recognizing Symptoms. Retrieved 10th December, 2021 fromhttps://aboutibs.org/signs-and-symptoms/recognizing-symptoms/

International Foundation for Gastrointestinal Disorders. (n.d.).Relaxation Techniques to Manage IBS Symptoms. Retrieved 10th December, 2021 fromhttps://aboutibs.org/treatment/psychological-treatments/relaxation-techniques-for-ibs/

International Foundation for Gastrointestinal Disorders. (n.d.).The Low FODMAP Diet Approach: Dietary Triggers for IBS Symptoms. Retrieved 10th December, 2021 fromhttps://aboutibs.org/treatment/ibs-diet/low-fodmap-diet/

International Foundation for Gastrointestinal Disorders. (n.d.).The Low FODMAP Diet Approach: Guidelines for a Low-FODMAP Diet. Retrieved 14th December, 2021 fromhttps://aboutibs.org/treatment/ibs-diet/low-fodmap-diet/guidelines-for-a-low-fodmap-diet/

International Foundation for Gastrointestinal Disorders. (n.d.).Treatment. Retrieved 10th December, 2021 fromhttps://aboutibs.org/treatment/

Johns Hopkins Medicine. (n.d.).Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). Retrieved 10th December, 2021 fromhttps://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs

Johns Hopkins Medicine. (2013).Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). Retrieved 10th December, 2021 fromhttps://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/gastroenterology_hepatology/_pdfs/small_large_intestine/irritable_bowel_byndrome_ibs.pdf

Johns Hopkins Medicine. (n.d.).Irritable Bowel Syndrome Treatment. Retrieved 10th December, 2021 fromhttps://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/irritable-bowel-syndrome-treatment

Khatri, M. (2019).Types of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). Retrieved 10th December, 2021 fromhttps://www.webmd.com/ibs/types-ibs

Mayo Clinic. (2021).Irritable Bowel Syndrome – Diagnosis & treatment. Retrieved 10th December, 2021 fromhttps://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/irritable-bowel-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20360064

Mayo Clinic. (2021).Irritable Bowel Syndrome – Symptoms & causes. Retrieved 10th December, 2021 fromhttps://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/irritable-bowel-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20360016

Medical Hypnosis Malaysia. (n.d.).Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Retrieved 11th December, 2021 fromhttps://medicalhypnosismalaysia.com/main-applications-of-medical-hypnosis/psychosomatics/irritable-bowel-syndrome/

Medical Hypnosis Malaysia. (n.d.).Psychosomatic Disorders. Retrieved 11th December, 2021 fromhttps://medicalhypnosismalaysia.com/main-applications-of-medical-hypnosis/psychosomatics/

Medicine.com. (2021).Understanding the 4 types of irritable bowel syndrome. Retrieved 11th December, 2021 fromhttps://www.medicine.com/health/understanding-4-types-irritable-bowel-syndrome

MIMS Malaysia. (n.d.).Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Retrieved 11th December, 2021 fromhttps://specialty.mims.com/irritable%20bowel%20syndrome/treatment?channel=gastroenterology

Moleski, S. M. (2020).Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). Retrieved 10th December, 2021 fromhttps://www.msdmanuals.com/home/digestive-disorders/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs?query=Irritable%20Bowel%20Syndrome%20(IBS)

Mount Sinai Health System. (n.d.).Irritable bowel syndrome. Retrieved 10th December, 2021 fromhttps://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/irritable-bowel-syndrome

National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. (n.d.).6 Tips: IBS and Complementary Health Practices. Retrieved 10th December, 2021 fromhttps://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/tips/tips-ibs-and-complementary-health-practices

National Health Service. (2021).Diet, lifestyle and medicines.Retrieved 10th December, 2021 fromhttps://www.nhs.uk/conditions/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs/diet-lifestyle-and-medicines/

National Health Service. (2021).Getting diagnosed.Retrieved 10th December, 2021 fromhttps://www.nhs.uk/conditions/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs/getting-diagnosed/

National Health Service. (2021).Symptoms of IBS.Retrieved 10th December, 2021 fromhttps://www.nhs.uk/conditions/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs/symptoms/

National Health Service. (2021).What is IBS?Retrieved 10th December, 2021 fromhttps://www.nhs.uk/conditions/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs/

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. (2017).Definition & Facts for Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Retrieved 10th December, 2021 fromhttps://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/irritable-bowel-syndrome/definition-facts

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. (2017).Diagnosis of Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Retrieved 10th December, 2021 from https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/irritable-bowel-syndrome/diagnosis

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. (2017).Eating, Diet, & Nutrition for Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Retrieved 10th December, 2021 fromhttps://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/irritable-bowel-syndrome/eating-diet-nutrition

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. (2017).Symptoms & Causes of Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Retrieved 10th December, 2021 fromhttps://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/irritable-bowel-syndrome/symptoms-causes

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. (2017).Treatment for Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Retrieved 10th December, 2021 fromhttps://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/irritable-bowel-syndrome/treatment

NHS Inform. (2021).Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Retrieved 10th December, 2021 fromhttps://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs

NIH News in Health. (n.d.).Gut Troubles: Pain, Gassiness, Bloating, and More. Retrieved 10th December, 2021 fromhttps://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2020/02/gut-troubles

Nor Hamizah Shafiee, Nurul Huda Razalli, Norfilza M. Mokhtar, Tan, E. & Raja Affendi Raja Ali. (2021). An evaluation of dietary adequacy among patients with constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome in Malaysia.Intestinal Research, 1-10.https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2020.00050

Paddock, C. (2019).IBS: Telephone- and web-based CBT relieve symptoms. Retrieved 14th December, 2021 fromhttps://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324962

Sandoiu, A. (2019).IBS: Cognitive behavioral therapy more effective than standard care. Retrieved 14th December, 2021 fromhttps://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326289

Thabane, M., & Marshall, J. K. (2009). Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome.World journal of gastroenterology,15(29), 3591–3596.https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.15.3591

The Malaysian Medical Gazette. (2017).Irritable Bowel Syndrome: What you need to know – Dr Chieng Jin Yu. Retrieved 10th December, 2021 fromhttps://www.mmgazette.com/irritable-bowel-syndrome-what-you-need-to-know-dr-chieng-jin-yu/

U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2017).Irritable Bowel Syndrome Treatments Aren’t One-Size-Fits-All. Retrieved 10th December, 2021 fromhttps://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/irritable-bowel-syndrome-treatments-arent-one-size-fits-all

University of Michigan Health. (n.d.).Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and Functional Bowel Disorders. Retrieved 10th December, 2021 fromhttps://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/digestive-and-liver-health/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs-and-functional-bowel-disorders

University of Utah Health. (n.d.).Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). Retrieved 10th December, 2021 fromhttps://healthcare.utah.edu/gi/conditions/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs.php

Wald, A. (2020).Patient education: Irritable bowel syndrome (Beyond the Basics). Retrieved 10th December, 2021 fromhttps://www.uptodate.com/contents/irritable-bowel-syndrome-beyond-the-basics

World Gastroenterology Organisation. (2015).Irritable Bowel Syndrome: a Global Perspective.

Wald, A. (2020).Patient education: Irritable bowel syndrome (Beyond the Basics). Retrieved 10th December, 2021 fromhttps://www.worldgastroenterology.org/UserFiles/file/guidelines/irritable-bowel-syndrome-english-2015.pdf

Petua Mencegah Cirit-birit di Rumah

Acute Conditions

10 Tips to Manage Dysphagia At Home

Acute Conditions

Heatstroke Warning: 9 Things You Need to Know

Acute Conditions

Facts about Heart Attack in Younger Malaysians

Perlukan Bantuan Penjagaan?

Jika anda atau ahli keluarga memerlukan bantuan penjagaan untuk kondisi ini, kami sedia membantu.

🔍 Cari Penjaga Terlatih →

Penjaga kami terlatih untuk membantu pesakit dengan pelbagai kondisi kesihatan termasuk:

  • Demensia dan Alzheimer
  • Strok dan pemulihan
  • Diabetes dan penjagaan harian
  • Penjagaan paliatif

💬 WhatsApp Kami untuk konsultasi percuma.

WhatsApp